Discuss depression in relation to its impact on the individual Essay - 1

Discuss depression in relation to its impact on the individual physical and psychological well being - Essay Example One of the major problems confronted during the analysis of literature related to the abovementioned topic is ambiguity between causes and effects of depression. Even after so much progress and advancement of technological systems, experts and psychologists (Kirschmann, 2006) are unable to differentiate between causes and effects of depressive illness, and thus, it becomes very difficult to identify the impact of depression in a separate window. Still, this paper will endeavor to discuss effects mainly. Although depression affects physical health of patients; however, its impact is significant psychologically, and experts believe that alleviation of psychological effects allow individuals to cope with physical impacts of depression. Low self-esteem is one of the most common effects of depression that results in deterioration of thinking patterns, decision-making process, and personality development factors in the individuals psychologically (MacHale, 2002). In addition, low self-esteem does not allow affected individuals to inspire from anything that affect their physical health subsequently. Another psychological impact of depression is frequent and irregular mood swings that are always visible physically, and thus, do not allow individuals to eat properly, work appropriately, or perform any other task in their lives that results in the creation of lethargic attitude towards life that is an adverse effect of depression in depressed patients. Due to inappropriate eating patterns, depressed individuals usually confront eating disorders that cause low weight problems, and at the same time, many depressed patients confront obesity and over weight problems due to their indolent routine. A number of theorists and psychologists (MacHale, 2002) have indicated that patients confronting depression usually consider themselves responsible for adverse events of their lives, as well as negativity in lives of people around them that increases low self-esteem, and

EVALUATING HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

EVALUATING HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT - Essay Example It aims to establish a more open, flexible and caring management style so that staff will be motivated, developed and managed in a way that they can give of their best to support the concerned departments. Good HRM practices are instrumental in helping achieve departmental objectives and enhance productivity. In the larger interest of a company it is imperative that employees are taught the nuance of the trade. Personnel with positive attitudes and can lend themselves to the causes are what organisations look for. HRM is all about this. Employees are taught to be positive, deliver quality work, have a sense of humour, and work as a team. Employees should be interested in performing as a team and take joy in team results, rather than individual accomplishments. The work of HRM is to identify people with such qualities. Building a team with members with such exemplary qualities mitigate the work of an organisation and they can build a work force that is prepared for the culture one desire (Corporate Culture, Auxillium West -The HR Manager). The above is well illustrated in the way Japanese HRM function in unison with company motives and policies. Strong HRM practices are characterised by an equally strong internal labour market, consultative decision making and enterprise unionism. Such practices, individually and collectively, encourage the incorporation of employees into the mainstream (The culture of the enterprise). This results in a strong employee-management relationship, leading to employee identification with the firm, and a high commitment to innovative production practices that enhance the firm's performance. In return the firm or organisation, in recognition of their work ethics, provides job security and rewards (John Benson and Philippe Debroux, HRM in Japanese Enterprises: Trends and Challenges). 2.0 HRM-An Overview No organisation can grow or for that matter, survive without incorporating policies that are pro-human in nature. "Functions such as managing cash flow, business transactions, communication, public relations, and production are part of human activities in sustainability and growth of an organisation. Unless human resources are looked after diligently by the organisation managers, the firm is likely to face drawbacks, which could have serious repercussions on the organisation as a whole. It is no secret that humans are the driving force of any establishment, and it is they who possess the drive to make or break an organisation. In lieu of the current market and multi-polar world situation, the work ethics of most organisations are continuously changing. This change not only affects the business but its employees as well. In order to maximise organisational effectiveness, managers must be able to manage employee capabilities, their time, and talent. Human resource management is about e mployees and organisational goals. In a nutshell, HRM

Prospectus of bsrm steels limited Essay Example for Free

Prospectus of bsrm steels limited Essay Declarations and due diligence certificates Declaration about the responsibility of the Directors including the CEO of the Company in respect of the prospectus Consent of the Directors to Serve Declaration about filing of prospectus with the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies Firms Due Diligence Certificate of Manger to the Issue Due Diligence Certificate of the Underwriter(s) Risk factors management perceptions about the risks Capital structure Use of IPO proceeds Description of business Back ground of the project Important date Nature of business Principal products and services The Rolling Process Market for the BSRMS Products Relative contribution to income Associate subsidiary/related holding company Distribution of products/services Sources and availability of raw materials and principal suppliers Competitive condition of business Sources of and requirement for power, gas and water or any other utilities Customer providing 10% or more revenues Contract with principal customers and suppliers Material patents, trademarks, license or royalty agreements Number of employees (as per audited accounts) Capacity and current utilization of facility Description of property Financial Condition and Plan of Operation Internal and external sources of fund (as per audited accounts) Material commitment for capital expenditure Causes for material changes Seasonal aspect of the Company’s business Known trends, events or uncertainties Change in the assets of the Company used to pay off any liabilities Loan taken from holding/parent company or subsidiary company Loan given to holding/parent company or subsidiary company Future contractual liabilities Future capital expenditure VAT, income tax, customs duty or other tax liability Operating lease agreement Financial lease and other financial commitment Personnel related scheme Revaluation of assets Breakdown of issue expenses Auditors certificate regarding any allotment of shares to promoters or Sponsor shareholders for consideration other than in cash -5- Page No 7 7 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 13 15 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 Issuer Issue Managers  ¦  ¦  ¦ Alliance Financial Services Limited BSRM Steels Limited South Asia Capital Limited Item Transactions with subsidiary/holding company or associate companies Material information which is likely to have an impact Directors and officers Information regarding directorship Directors involvement in other organization Family relationship among directors and top five officers Short bio-data of the directors Credit information Bureau (CIB) report Description of senior executive and departmental heads Involvement of Directors and officers in certain legal proceedings Certain Relationships and Related Transactions Transaction with related parties Directors facilities Executive compensation Remuneration paid to top five salaried officers Aggregate amount of remuneration paid to directors and officers (as audited accounts) Remuneration paid to Director who was not an officer Future compensation to Director or officers Pay increase intention Options granted to Directors, officers and employees Transaction with the Directors and subscribers to the Memorandum Tangible assets per share Ownership of the Company’s securities Composition of Shareholders Share hold by Directors Shareholding structure 5% or more as on 30 April 2008 Securities owned by the officers Determination of offering price Market for the securities being offered Declaration about listing of shares with Stock Exchange Trading and settlement Description of Securities outstanding or being offered Dividend, voting, pre-emption rights Conversion and liquidation rights Dividend policy Other rights of shareholders Debt securities Lock-in on sponsors share Refund of subscription money Subscription by and refund to non-resident Bangladeshi (NRB) Availability of securities Offer Application for subscription Allotment Underwriting of shares Principal terms and conditions of underwriting agreement Underwriter’s right to represent in the Board of Directors of the Company Auditors report to the shareholders Audited Financial Statements Auditors report under section 135(1), Para 24(1) of part II of schedule III to Companies Act, 1994 Ratio Analysis Additional disclosures as required by Securities and Exchange Commission Credit rating report of BSRMS Application forms -6- Page No 23 23 23 23 24 25 26 26 27 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 36 36 36 36 37 38 38 38 38 39 40 54 55 57 59 76 Issuer Issue Managers  ¦  ¦  ¦ Alliance Financial Services Limited BSRM Steels Limited South Asia Capital Limited Disclosure in respect of issuance of security in Demat Form As per provision of the Depository Act, 1999 and regulations made there under, shares will only be issued in dematerialized condition. All transfer/transmission/splitting will take place in the Central Depository Bangladesh Ltd. (CDBL) system and any further issuance of shares (right/bonus) will be issued in dematerialized form only. Conditions under Section 2CC of the Securities and Exchange Ordinance, 1969 Part A 1. The company shall go for Initial Public Offer (IPO) for 20,00,000 ordinary shares of Taka 100 (taka one hundred) each at par worth Taka 20,00,00,000 (Taka twenty crore) only following the Securities and Exchange Commission (Public Issue) Rules, 2006, the Depository Act, 1999 and regulations made there under. 2. The abridged version of the prospectus, as approved by the Commission, shall be published by the issuer in four national daily newspapers (in two Bangla and two English), within 03 (three) working days of issuance of this letter. The issuer shall post the full prospectus vetted by the Securities and Exchange Commission in the issuer’s website and shall also put on the websites of the Commission, stock exchanges, and the issue managers within 03 (three) working days from the date of issuance of this letter which shall remain posted till the closure of the subscription list. The issuer shall submit to SEC, the stock exchanges and the issue managers a diskette containing the text of the vetted prospectus in â€Å"MS -Word† format. 3. Sufficient copies of prospectus shall be made available by the issuer so that any person requesting a copy may receive one. A notice shall be placed on the front of the application form distributed in connection with the offering, informing that interested persons are entitled to a prospectus, if they so desire, and that copies of prospectus may be obtained from the issuer and the issue managers. The subscription application shall indicate in bold type that no sale of securities shall be made, nor shall any money be taken from any person, in connection with such sale until twenty five days after the prospectus has been published. 4. The company shall submit 40 (forty) copies of the printed prospectus to the Securities and Exchange Commission for official record within 5 (Five) working days from the date of publication of the abridged version of the prospectus in the newspaper. 5. The issuer company and the issue managers shall ensure transmission of the prospectus, abridged version of the prospectus and relevant application forms for NRBs through e-mail, simultaneously with publication of the abridged version of the prospectus, to the Bangladesh Embassies and Missions abroad and shall also ensure sending of the printed copies of abridged version of the prospectus and application forms to the said Embassies and Missions within five working days of the publication date by express mail service (EMS) of the postal department. A compliance report shall be submitted in this respect to the SEC jointly by the issuer and the issue managers within two working days from the date of said dispatch of the prospectus the forms. 6. The paper clipping of the published abridged version of the prospectus, as mentioned at condition 2 above, shall be submitted to the Commission within 24 hours of the publication thereof. 7. The company shall maintain separate bank account(s) for collecting proceeds of the Initial Public Offering and shall also open FC account(s) to deposit the application money of the Non-Resident Bangladeshis (NRBs) for IPO purpose, and shall incorporate full particulars of said FC account(s) in the prospectus. The company shall open the abovementioned accounts for IPO purpose; and close these accounts after refund of over-subscription. Non- Resident Bangladeshi (NRB) means Bangladeshi citizens staying abroad including all those who have dual citizenship (provided they have a valid Bangladeshi passport) or those, whose foreign passport bear a stamp from the concerned Bangladesh Embassy to the effect that no visa is required to travel to Bangladesh. 8. The issuer company shall apply to all the stock exchanges in Bangladesh for listing within 07(seven) working days from the date of issuance of this letter and shall simultaneously submit the vetted prospectus with all exhibits, as submitted to SEC, to the stock exchanges. 9. The following declaration shall be made by the company in the prospectus, namely: â€Å"Declaration about Listing of Shares with the Stock Exchange(s): None of the stock exchange(s), if for any reason, grants listing within 75 days from the closure of subscription, any allotment in terms of this prospectus shall be void and the company shall refund the subscription money within fifteen days from the date of refusal for listing by the stock exchanges, or from the date of expiry of the said 75 (seventy five) days, as the case may be. In case of non -refund of the subscription money within the aforesaid fifteen days, the company directors, in addition to the issuer company, shall be collectively and severally liable for refund of the subscription money, with interest at the rate of 2% (two percent) per month above the bank rate, to the subscribers concerned. -7- Issuer Issue Managers  ¦  ¦  ¦ Alliance Financial Services Limited BSRM Steels Limited South Asia Capital Limited The issue managers, in addition to the issuer company, shall ensure due compliance of the above mentioned conditions and shall submit compliance report thereon to the Commission within seven days of expiry of the aforesaid fifteen days time period allowed for refund of the subscription money. † 10. The subscription list shall be opened and the sale of securities commenced after 25 (twenty five) days of the publication of the abridged version of the prospectus and shall remain open for 5 (Five) consecutive banking days. 11. A non-resident Bangladeshi shall apply either directly by enclosing a foreign demand draft drawn on a bank payable at Dhaka, or through a nominee by paying out of foreign currency deposit account maintained in Bangladesh or in Taka, supported by foreign currency encashment certificate issued by the concerned bank, for the value of securities applied for through crossed bank cheque marking â€Å"Account Payee only†. The NRB applicants shall send applications to the issuer company within the closing date of the subscription so as to reach the same to the company by the closing date plus nine days. Applications received by the company after the above time period will not be considered for allotment purpose. 12. The company shall apply the spot buying rate (TT clean) in US Dollar, UK Pound Sterling and Euro of Sonali Bank, which shall be mentioned in the Prospectus, as prevailed on the date of opening of the subscription for the purpose of application of the NRBs and other non-Bangladeshi persons, where applicable. 13. The company and the issue managers shall ensure prompt collection/clearance of the foreign remittances of NRBs and other non-Bangladeshis, if applicable, for allotment of shares. 14. Upon completion of the period of subscription for securities the issuer and the issue managers shall jointly provide the Commission and the stock exchanges with the preliminary status of the subscription within 05 (five) working days, in respect of the following matters, namely: (a) Total number of securities for which subscription has been received; (b) Amount received from the subscription; and (c) Amount of commission paid to the banker to the issue. 15. The issuer and the issue managers shall jointly provide the Commission and the stock exchanges the list of valid and invalid applicants in 2 (two) CDs and final status of subscription to the Commission within 3 (three) weeks after the closure of the subscription along with bank statement (original), branch-wise subscription statement. The list of valid and invalid applicants shall be finalized after examination with the CDBL in respect of BO accounts and particulars thereof. 16. The IPO shall stand cancelled and the application money shall be refunded immediately (but not later than 5 (Five) weeks from the date of the subscription closure) if any of the following events occur: (a) Upon closing of the subscription list it is found that the total number of valid applications (in case of under subscription including the number of the underwriter) is less than the minimum requirement as specified in the listing regulations of the stock exchange(s) concerned; or (b) At least 50% of the IPO is not subscribed. 17. 10% of total public offering shall be reserved for non-resident Bangladeshi (NRB) and 10% for mutual funds and collective investment schemes registered with the Commission, and the remaining 80% shall be open for subscription by the general public. In case of under subscription under any of the 10% categories mentioned above, the unsubscribed portion shall be added to the general public category and, if after such addition, there is over subscription in the general public category, the issuer and the issue managers shall jointly conduct an open lottery of all the applicants added together. 18. All the applicants shall first be treated as applied for one minimum market lot of 50 shares worth Tk. 5000/-. If, on this basis, there is over subscription, then lottery shall be held amongst the applicants allocating one identification number for each application, irrespective of the application money. In case of over-subscription under any of the categories mentioned hereinabove, the issuer and the issue managers shall jointly conduct an open lottery of all the applications received under each category separately in presence of representatives from the issuer, the stock exchanges and the applicants, if there be any. 19. An applicant cannot submit more than two applications, one in his/her own name and another jointly with another person. In case an applicant makes more than two applications, all applications will be treated as invalid and will not be considered for allotment purpose. In addition, whole or part of application money may be forfeited by the Commission. -8- Issuer Issue Managers  ¦  ¦  ¦ Alliance Financial Services Limited BSRM Steels Limited South Asia Capital Limited 20. The primary shares allotted to an applicant through IPO may be forfeited by SEC, if the BO account of the said applicant is found closed at the time of allotment of shares. All IPO applicants are required to keep their BO accounts operational till allotment of IPO shares. 21. Lottery (if applicable) shall be held within 4 (four) weeks from closure of the subscription date. 22. The company shall issue share allotment letters to all successful applicants within 5 (five) weeks from the date of the subscription closing date. Within the same time, Refund to the unsuccessful applicants shall be made in the currency in which the value of securities was paid for by the applicants without any interest through Account Payee Cheque/ refund warrants with bank account number, bank’s name and Branch as indicated in the securities application forms payable at Dhaka/ Chittagong/ Khulna/ Rajshahi/ Barisal/ Sylhet/ Bogra, as the case may be subject to condition 19 above. Refund money of the unsuccessful applicants shall be credited directly to their respective bank accounts with in 5 (five) weeks from the date of the subscription closing, who have mentioned in the IPO application forms, bank account numbers with the bankers to the issue and other banks as disclosed in the prospectus. A compliance report in this regard shall be submitted to the Commission within 6(six) weeks from the date of closure of subscription. 23. The company shall furnish the List of Allotees to the Commission and the stock exchange(s) simultaneously in which the shares will be listed, within 24 (twenty four) hours of allotment. 24. In the event of under-subscription of the public offering, the unsubscribed portion of securities shall be taken up by the underwriter(s) (subject to para -16 above). The issuer must notify the underwriter to take up the underwritten shares within 10 (ten) days of the subscription closing date on full payment of the share money within 15(fifteen) days of the issuer’s notice. The underwriter shall not share any underwriting fee with the issue managers, other underwriters, issuer or the sponsor group. 25. All issued shares of the issuer at the time of according this consent shall be subject to a lock in period of three years from the date of issuance of prospectus or commercial operation, whichever comes later: Provided that the persons, other than directors and those who hold 5% or more, who have subscribed to the shares of the company within immediately preceding two years of according consent, shall be subject to a lock -in period of one year from the date of issuance of prospectus or commercial operation, whichever comes later. 26. Either a Jumbo Share (one for each of the existing Sponsors/ Directors/ Shareholders) in respect of the shares already issued shall be issued covering together respective total holding, which shall contain the expiry date of lock-in period or Sponsors/Directors/Promoters/Shareholders’ shareholding shall be converted into demat form but shall be locked-in as per the condition at para-25 above. 27. In case of Jumbo Share Certificate issued to the existing Sponsors/ Directors/Shareholders, the said share certificates shall be kept under custody of a security custodian bank registered with SEC during the lock-in period. The name and branch of the bank shall be furnished to the Commission jointly by the issuer and the issue managers, along with a confirmation thereof from the custodian bank, within one week of listing of the shares with the stock exchange(s). 28. In case of dematerialization of shares held by the existing Sponsors/ Directors/Shareholders, the copy of dematerialization confirmation report generated by CDBL and attested by the managing director of the company along with lock-in confirmation shall be submitted to SEC within one week of listing of the shares with the stock exchange(s). 29. The company shall apply to the stock exchanges for listing within 7(seven) working days of issuance of this letter and shall simultaneously submit to the Commission attested copies of the application filed with the stock exchanges. 30. The company shall not declare any benefit other than cash dividend based on the financial statement for the period ended December 31, 2007. Part-B 1. The issue managers (i. e. , Alliance Financial Services Limited and South Asia Capital Limited) shall ensure that the abridged version of the prospectus and the full prospectus is published correctly and in strict conformity without any error/omission, as vetted by the Securities and Exchange Commission. 2. The issue managers shall carefully examine and compare the published abridged version of prospectus on the date of publication with the copy vetted by SEC. If any discrepancy/inconsistency is found, both the issuer and the issue managers shall jointly publish a corrigendum immediately in the same newspapers concerned, simultaneously endorsing copies thereof to SEC and the stock exchange(s) concerned, correcting the discrepancy/inconsistency as required under ‘Due Diligence Certificates’ provided with SEC. -9- Issuer Issue Managers  ¦  ¦  ¦ Alliance Financial Services Limited BSRM Steels Limited South Asia Capital Limited 3. Both the issuer company and the issue managers shall, immediately after publication of the prospectus and its abridged version, jointly inform the Commission in writing that the published prospectus and its abridged version are verbatim copies of the same as vetted by the Commission. 4. The fund collected through IPO shall not be utilized prior to listing with stock exchange and that utilization of the said fund shall be effected through banking channel, i. e. through account payee cheque, pay order or bank drafts etc. 5. The company shall furnish report to the Commission on utilization of IPO proceeds within 15 days of the closing of each quarter until such fund is fully utilized, as mentioned in the schedule contained in the prospectus, and in the event of any irregularity or inconsistency, the Commission may employ or engage any person, at issuer’s cost, to examine whether the issuer has utilized the proceeds for the purpose disclosed in the prospectus. 6. All transactions, excluding petty cash expenses, shall be effected through the company’s bank account(s). 7. Proceeds of the IPO shall not be used for any purpose other than those specified in the prospectus. Any deviation in this respect must have prior approval of the shareholders in the General Meeting under intimation to SEC and stock exchange(s). 8. The company shall remove the restrictive clauses regarding issuance transfer of shares and grouping of shares from its Articles of Association. Part C 1. All the above conditions imposed under section 2CC of the Securities and Exchange Ordinance, 1969 shall be incorporated in the prospectus immediately after the page of the table of contents, with a reference in the table of contents, prior to its publication. 2. The Commission may impose further conditions/restrictions etc. from time to time as and when considered necessary, which shall also be binding upon the issuer company. Part D 1. As per provision of the Depository Act, 1999 and regulations made there under, shares will only be issued in dematerialized condition. All transfer/transmission/splitting will take place in the Central Depository Bangladesh Ltd. (CDBL) system and any further issuance of shares (including right/bonus) will be made in dematerialized form only. An applicant (including NRB) shall not be able to apply for allotment of shares without beneficial owner account (BO account). 2. The issue managers shall also ensure due compliance of all above. GENERAL INFORMATION Alliance Financial Services Limited (AFSL) and South Asia Capital Limited (SACL) have prepared the prospectus from information supplied by BSRM Steels Limited (the Issuer Company) and also after several discussions with the Chairman, Managing Director, Directors and concerned executives of the company. BSRM Steels Limited, Alliance Financial Services Limited and South Asia Capital Limited collectively and individually, having made all reasonable inquiries, confirm that to the best of their knowledge and belief, the information contained herein is true and correct in all material aspects and that there are no other material facts, the omission of which, would make any statement herein misleading. No person is authorized to give any information or to make any representation not contained in this Prospectus and if given or made, any such information and representation must not be relied upon as having been authorized by the company or Alliance Financial Services Limited and South Asia Capital Limited. The Issue as contemplated in this prospectus is made in Bangladesh and is subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Courts of Bangladesh. Forwarding this prospectus to any person resident outside Bangladesh in no way implies that the issue is made in accordance with the laws of that country or is subject to the jurisdiction of the laws of that country. A copy of this prospectus may be obtained from the Corporate Head Office of BSRM Steels Limited, Alliance Financial Services Limited, South Asia Capital Limited, the Underwriters and the Stock Exchanges where the securities will be traded. 10 Issuer Issue Managers  ¦  ¦  ¦ Alliance Financial Services Limited BSRM Steels Limited South Asia Capital Limited Declarations and Due Diligence Certificates Declaration about the Responsibility of the Directors, including the CEO of the Company â€Å"BSRM Steels Limited† in Respect of the Prospectus This prospectus has been prepared, seen and approved by us, and we, individually and collectively, accept full responsibility for the authenticity and accuracy of the statements made, information given in the prospectus, documents, financial statements, exhibits, annexes, papers submitted to the Commission in support thereof, and confirm, after making all reasonable inquiries that all conditions concerning this public issue and prospectus have been met and that there are no other information or documents the omission of which make any information or statements therein misleading for which the Commission may take any civil, criminal or administrative action against any or all of us as it may deem fit. We also confirm that full and fair disclosure has been made in this prospectus to enable the investors to make a well-informed decision f or investment. Sd/ Alihussain Akberali Chairman Sd/Zohair Taherali Director Sd/Aameir Alihussain Managing Director* Sd/Tehseen Zohair Taherali Director Sd/Sabeen Aameir Director Consent of the Directors to Serve We hereby agree that we have been serving as Directors of â€Å"BSRM Steels Limited and confirm to continue to act as Directors of the Company. Sd/ Alihussain Akberali Chairman Sd/Zohair Taherali Director Sd/Aameir Alihussain Managing Director* Sd/Tehseen Zohair Taherali Director Sd/Sabeen Aameir Director * Mr. Aameir Alihussain is also a shareholder Director of the company. Declaration about filing of Prospectus with the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies Firms A dated and signed copy of the Prospectus has been filed for registration with the Registrar of J

Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis in leafs

Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis in leafs Photosynthesis is the process in which light is converted to the chemical energy of sugars. It can be summarized in the following equation : This process occurs in the chloroplast of plant cells which are primarily found in the leaves. Photosynthesis is the building up of sugars using carbon dioxide and water as the raw materials. The energy for the process comes from light and a green pigment called chlorophyll allows the plant to transfer the energy from light to sugar. AIM : To measure the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis in leaf disc. RESEARCH QUESTION : What is the effect of different light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis of fresh leaf disc when the other factors that can affect the rate of photosynthesis are remained constant? HYPOTHESIS : As the distance of fresh leaf disc from the source of light is increasing (indicate the lower in light intensity),the time taken for the fresh leaf disc to float on the surface of 3% sodium hydrogen carbonate will be increase indicate the decreasing in the rate of photosynthesis when the other factors are remained constant. It is because photosynthesis is a light dependent process. At the low light intensities, this may become the limiting factor. Imagine light as a straight line which you can see with your own eyes. A plant typically has chloroplasts within their cells. So this straight line of light comes from the Sun, a natural source. It hits the surface of a green leaf. Firstly, is all of the light absorbed? No because some of the light is reflected off the surface and some light cannot penetrate the surface because it is the wrong wavelength. Most of the light gets in. Does that mean all of the light hits the chloroplasts? No because they are small, so some light rays will miss the chloroplasts all together. It is only the light which hit the chloroplasts which will be used in photosynthesis. So, for the experiment done with a shorter distance between the light source (bulb) and the fresh leaf disc, the leaf receives more light compared to that of longer distance. So theres a higher chance more li ght will hit the chloroplasts and therefore more oxygen and glucose will be produced by the plant. This means the rate of photosynthesis has been increased. However, chloroplasts are sensitive, so if they keep getting hit by light energy, they will eventually become damaged and then the rate of photosynthesis will decline. VARIBLES : Units Range Independent Variables The distance of pineapple leaf disc from the bottom of light bulb/ light intensity. cm 10-60 Dependent Variables The time taken for the pineapple leaf discs to float on the 3% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. second 314.4-1250.4 Controlled Variables Unit Uncertainties Possible effect(s) on result 1. The number of leaf disc used for each experiment. To make sure the photosynthesis rate for all test is fair and equal within all test. 2. Diameter of each leaf disc used  ± 0.5 The leaf disc is corked by using cork borer and kept constant so that rate of photosynthesis is fair. 3. Concentration of sodium hydrogen carbonate. M To constant and make sure the rate of photosynthesis is fair and equal, and concentration do not be part of manipulating factor for rate of photosynthesis. 4. Surrounding temperature of experiment.  °C  ± 0.5 To make sure the temperature is not too high and suitable for optimum rate of photosynthesis. MATERIALS : No Materials Quantity Volume / size 1. Pineapple leaves 6 2. Sodium hydrogen carbonates solution (3%) 240 ml 3. Tap water APPARATUS : No. Apparatus Quantity Volume / size 1 Lamp 6 Standard size 2 New 10 ml syringes 6 10  ± 1 ml 3 Stopwatch 6  ± 0.05cm 4 Cork borer/hole punch 6  ± 8 mm 5 Thermometer 6  ± 0.5  °C 6 Forceps 6 Standard size 7 Measuring cylinder 6 50  ± 0.5 ml 8 Beaker 6 100  ± 10 ml 9 Meter ruler 6  ± 0.05 cm 10. Marking pen 1 Standard size 11. Marking tape 1 Standard size METHOD : The setup apparatus was designed as shown above. This experiment is done at room temperature of about 28  °C in the laboratory. Before other procedures are carried out, all the lights in laboratory are switched off to avoid interference which may affect the result. The distance between the bottom of the light bulb and the surface of laboratory table is adjusted to 10.0 cm; with the assumption that the surface of laboratory table represents the location of 10 pineapple leaf discs before the light is switched on. 10 ml of 3% sodium hydrogen carbonate is measured using measuring cylinder. Then, the 10 ml of 3% sodium hydrogen carbonate is poured inside a 100 ml beaker. From inside the beaker containing 10 ml of 3% sodium hydrogen carbonate, 10 ml of 3% sodium hydrogen carbonate is taken out using new 50 ml syringe. Then, 10 of approximately 8 mm pineapple leaf discs is cut out from the pineapple leaf using cork borer/hole punch to give the same diameter for all 5 discs. Now, your thumb or finger is placed over the small hole at the tip of the syringe and its plunger is slowly pulled out. After each disc is cut out, it is immediately transferred into the 50 ml syringe containing 10 ml of 3% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. After all 10 pineapple leaf discs are transferred into the syringe; the plunger is pushed back inside the syringe. With all the pineapple discs still inside the syringe and your finger or thumb is still at the small hole at the tip of the syringe, the plunger is pushed in and out to compress and expel the air. After that, the content of the syringe was poured into the beaker which contain the rest of 3% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution; minimizing contact with air. The pineapple leaf discs are checked so that they are not on top of each other. Then, the beaker is immediately placed right below the adjusted lamp. The lamp is switched on and the stopwatch is started simultaneously. The time taken for each disc to rise is recorded. Steps 1 to 12 are repeated by varying the light intensity. To vary the light intensity, the distance from the bottom of the bulb to the pineapple leaf disc is varied to 20 cm, 30 cm, 40cm, 50cm and 60 cm. DATA COLLECTION: Distance of the beaker to the light source, d/cm ( ±0.5cm) Time taken for each pineapple leaf discs to float on the surface of 3% sodium hydrogen carbonate for Trial 1, t/s ( ±0.1s) Disc 1 Disc 2 Disc 3 Disc 4 Disc 5 Disc 6 Disc 7 Disc 8 Disc 9 10.0 314.4 346.8 349.8 353.4 354.6 354.6 358.8 360.6 367.2 20.0 473.4 480.6 498.0 512.4 518.4 518.4 526.2 527.4 539.4 30.0 601.2 647.4 648.6 654.6 658.8 674.4 679.2 684.0 690.6 40.0 713.4 718.8 720.6 724.8 725.4 729.6 741.0 741.0 750.0 50.0 849.6 889.8 889.8 901.8 907.2 907.2 907.2 929.4 930.6 60.0 1080.6 1100.4 1135.8 1153.8 1164.6 1181.4 1189.8 1189.8 1206.0 Quantitative Analysis Of Experiment Distance of leaf discs from light source, cm ( ±0.5 cm) Observations 10.0 At the edge of the leaf discs, some bubbles are seen after a few minutes. A lot of bubbles are produced and the leaf discs rise to the surface after a while. 20.0 Some bubbles are released at the edge of the leaf discs after a few minutes. Then, one by one the leaf discs rises to the surface after a few minutes. 30.0 Tiny bubbles are released at the edge of the leaf in a short period of time. After that, the leaf discs from the bottom to the surface. 40.0 The leaf discs rises one by one and float to the surface after quite a long period of time. Bubbles are produced quite slowly at the edge of the leaf discs. 50.0 The production of bubbles is slower and the leaf discs rises to the surface after a long period of time. 60.0 The production of bubbles is very slow and the leaf discs rises to the surface after a very long period of time DATA PROCESSING : The calculation of average time taken for the leaf discs to rise. In order to get the time taken for the leaf disc to rise, an average reading from all ten reading needed to be calculate and the average will be used to calculate the average time taken for the leaf disc to rise. The calculation, are obeying formula as stated below: Based on the formula above, the average time taken for the leaf disc to rise in respective temperature is calculated. The average time taken that has been calculated from above formula is shown below: Temperature of surrounding/ °C Average time taken for the leaf disc to rise in respective temperature. 10 352.74 20 513.48 30 672.72 40 731.64 50 906.06 60 1165.26 Table 1: Calculation Average time taken for the leaf disc to rise in respective temperature. Since we have calculated the average time taken for the leaf disc to rise in the surface of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, the next step is to calculate the rate of photosynthesis of the leaf disc. The formula shown below is obeyed: By obeying the formula as shown above, the rate of photosynthesis is calculated and the calculated rate of photosynthesis is shown below: Distance of leaf discs from light source, cm ( ±0.5 cm) Rate of photosynthesis of leaf discs, s-1 10.0 0.002835 20.0 0.001947 30.0 0.001487 40.0 0.001367 50.0 0.001104 60.0 0.000858 From the above calculation, next we need to calculate the standard deviation of the rate of respiration photosynthesis of leaf discs in the different light intensities, and stated as uncertainties if the average time taken itself. The calculation used is using GDC, by following these steps: 1. First press button STAT then press button ENTER 2. Insert the data (in table 2) for 10 °C temperature inside the table then press button ENTER 3. After insert the data press again button STAT then press > to calculate 4. Choose 1-Var Stats then press button ENTER twice 5. ÏÆ'x shows the standard deviation of the time taken for the indicator solution to change colour from purple to greenish for 10  °C temperature. 6. Use all this steps for all the temperature (20 °C, 30 °C, 40  °C, 50  °C, and 60  °C) The data of uncertainties calculated above, is shown below, as calculate: Distance of leaf discs from light source, cm ( ±0.5 cm) Standard deviation 10.0 0.000132 20.0 0.000086 30.0 0.000099 40.0 0.003900 50.0 0.003130 60.0 0.000038 The next calculation involved is calculation of light intensity, which relates the distance of light source from leaf disc, and obeying given formula: And by obeying the formula as stated above, the calculation is as follow: Temperature of surrounding/ °C Working calculation of rate of respiration 10 20 30 40 50 60 Table 2: Calculation of light intensity. DATA PRESENTATION : DISCUSSION : 1. When the light source is 60.0 cm away from the surface of the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, the average time taken for the leaf discs to rise to the surface of the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution is the longest, which is 1165.26 s. This shows that the rate of photosynthesis of the leaf discs under this light intensity is the lowest, which is 0.00086s-1  ± 0.000038 s-1. When the light is further away from the leaf discs, the chloroplasts can only trap a smaller amount of light to carry out photosynthesis. Thus, when less light is trapped, the rate at which photosynthesis occurs will decrease. 2. When the light source is 50.0 cm away from the surface of the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, the average time taken for the leaf discs to rise to the surface of the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution decreases, which is 906.06 s. Hence, the rate of photosynthesis increases, which is 0.00110s-1  ± 0.00313s-1. With the light source closer to the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, the chloroplast manages to work with a greater amount of light. This increase in light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis. 3. This trend repeats itself when the light source is 40.0 cm away from the surface of the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. With this increasing light intensity, the chloroplast manages to work with more light and this excites more electrons in the chloroplast and the whole process of photosynthesis occurs at faster rate which is 0.00137s-1  ± 0.00390s-1. 4. When the distance of the light source from the surface of the water is at 30.0 cm and 20.0 cm, the rate of respiration increases with the rate being higher at 20.0 cm away from the surface of the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. The light intensity is higher at 20.0 cm compared to 30.0 cm away from the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. The rate of photosynthesis for 20.0cm and 30.0cm is 0.001947s-1  ± 0.000039s-1 and 0.001487s-1  ± 0.000099s-1. Thus, the rate of photosynthesis is higher when the distance of the light source is 20.0 cm away compared to 30.0 cm from the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution surface. 5. When the distance of the light source is 10.0 cm away from the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, the rate of photosynthesis is at its highest level. At this level of light intensity, the leaf discs optimize the amount of light which it can use to carry out photosynthesis. The rate of photosynthesis at this moment is 0.002834s-1  ± 0.000132s-1. The process of photosynthesis takes the least amount of time to occur under this level of light intensity, thus it has the highest rate of photosynthesis. 6. The number of leaf discs used in this experiment is kept constant for all the levels of light intensity. This is to make sure the competition for light remains the same for all levels of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. Besides that, the level of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution in the beaker remains the same for all levels of light intensity so that all the leaf discs rise to the water surface by the same distance so that it will enable the calculations to be standardized. The temperature of the surroundings are kept constant for all levels of light intensity so that it does not cause any form of deviation in the sense that it will have an effect on the rate of photosynthesis. LIMITATION : 1. Not all the leaf discs are in good condition or fresh, causing difference in results of the experiment. 2. The number of leaf discs used is not sufficient to measure the rate of respiration. The result obtained is not so reliable and the experiment took a long period to complete. 3. There are other light sources that may affect the result of the experiment and cause it to be inaccurate. SUGGESTION : 1. Only fresh leaf discs that are in good condition should be used. 2. The number of leaf discs used should be increased so that more results can be obtained and the average taken will give a more accurate measurement of the rate or photosynthesis. 3. Conduct the experiment in a dark room which has a minimum source of light so that it wouldnt affect the experiment. CONCLUSION : As a conclusion, when the light intensity increases, the time taken for the leaf discs to rise will be shorter, the rate of photosynthesis of the leaf discs will increase. This is because an increase in light intensity will cause more light to be absorbed by the chlorophyll in the leaf discs and thus, increasing the rate of photosynthesis. However as the light intensity continues to increase, it will have no more effect on the rate of photosynthesis, this is because other factors will become the factors limiting photosynthesis. The hypothesis is accepted.

The Pros and Cons of Tracking Devices Essay examples -- Exploratory Es

The Pros and Cons of Tracking Devices What is this world coming to? When most of us think of tracking devices they think of primarily negative issues. But that has all changed now. A tracking device the size of a tic tack that can be surgically implanted to provide a tamper proof means of identification, enhanced e-business security, locating lost or missing individuals, monitoring heart rate, vital signs, tracking of the elderly, the location of valuable property, and monitoring the medical conditions of at risk patients, all at the convenience of a button or a phone call (www.allnet). It is called the GPM or as we know it the Global Positioning Microchip. Today I will discuss the ideals of the implanted microchip and some of the technical, social, economic, ethical and practical implications of its technology. Furthermore exploring some of the benefits and dangers of such a device. Invented entirely for animals man has expanded its uses to stolen cars tracking devices, criminal rehabilitations, and experimen tal animal observations. The chip has come a long way but where will it go from here. California inventor Mike Biegal first introduced the basic prototype for the microchip used in the biochip transponder in 1979. The chips are tiny, passive electronic devices ranging in size from12 to 18mm in length and 2.0 to 3.5mm in diameter. All chips are individually inscribed and programmed to store a unique, permanent, 10-15-digit alphanumeric identification code. The GPM is coupled with an antenna and is sealed in an inert glass capsule. It is implanted into a living being using the same procedure as a routine vaccination. Immediately following implementation the tiny device remains inside the bein... ...nted. They will claim it will reduce crime, provide more convenience etc. and if you do not get the chip you will not be able to buy, sell, or trade goods and items. But in the end as in the bible it is only the beginning of the destruction of our world and all will come to pass. He causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark on their right hand or in the forehead (Revelation13: 16-18). Is this just some coincidence? I do not think so. Works Cited InGraham-Borten-L; Smith-Gerald-W, Issues in Criminology-Berkeley-Calif, 7, (2), pp35-53, copyright 1972 Toombs-Thomas-G; Criminal-Justice-Policy-Review, 7, (3-4), pp. 341-346 copyright 1995 www.nando.net/technology/story/271366p-2488143c.html www.salon.com/tech/feature/2000/09/07/chips/ www.allnetdevices.com/wireless/news/2000/07/27/wireless-asset.html

Lockean Philosophy in Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels Essay

An Exploration of Lockean Philosophy in Gulliver's Travels  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Ricardo Quintana asserts in his study Two Augustans that even "though Swift as a traditional philosophical realist dismissed Lockian empiricism with impatience, he recognized in Lockian political theory an enforcement of his own convictions" (76). It may be argued, however, than when two contemporary authors, such as Locke and Swift, are shaped within the same matrix of cultural forces and events, they reveal through their respective works a similar ideology. The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to explore the parallels between Locke's Some Thoughts Concerning Education and Swift's Gulliver's Travels, using textual evidence and literary criticism; and second, to compare the methods prescribed by Locke and Swift for education, taking into account some cultural views in the eighteenth-century. The first half of the eighteenth-century, sometimes referred to as the "Age of Reason," marked a "new era in parent-child relations, based upon a confluence of political and religious currents" that radically altered the accepted social attitudes towards children (Braverman 37). The revision of the late seventeenth-century political and cultural perspective gave rise to a new philosophy that regarded children as more-or-less inherently good and virtuous. This milder view differed from earlier beliefs that portrayed children as fallen creatures, who embodied original sin derived from Adam and Eve's Fall. Commenting on Locke's Thoughts, Lawrence Stone observes the following in his extensive study The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1500-1800: [Locke's] book coincided with the overthrow of Divine Right Monarchy, the rejection of the doctrine of P... ...versity of California Press, 1968. Ezell, Margaret J. M. "John Locke's Images of Childhood: Early Eighteenth Century Response to Some Thoughts Concerning Education." Eighteenth-Century Studies. Winter. 1983: 139-55. Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government, The Works of John Locke. Vol. 5. London: Thomas Teggs et al., 1823. Locke, John. Some Thoughts Concerning Education, The Works of John Locke. Vol. 9. London: Thomas Teggs et al., 1823. Quintana, Ricardo. Two Augustans: John Locke and Jonathan Swift. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978. Setten, Henk van. "Some Thoughts Concerning Education by John Locke, 1693."The History of Education Site. 1-2 pp. Online. Internet. 23 Sept. 1999. Available: http://www.socsci.kun.nl/ped/whphistedu/locke/locke_intro.html Swift, Jonathan. Gulliver's Travels. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.   

Ambulatory Care Essay

Ambulatory health care has definitely been a type of health care that has benefited a lot of Americans since it became of existence. There are several health care clinics available in every city that helps the people on a daily basis. Its not as costly as the ER and you can receive just about the same kind of service as if your were going to the Hospital just in a faster time in some cases. There is a need to sometimes get further assistance, meaning that the particular outpatient service was not able to assist the patient fully and needs some additional help in diagnosing the problem. A visit to the doctors office provides someone with a sense of calmness to be able to have a one on one relationship with their private doctor, as opposed to going to the a large place like the hospital to see a doctor, any doctor at that. When I think of Ambulatory care I think of a one and done type of scenario, in some cases. The patient is able to see the doctor get a diagnosis and prescription at one time, without the need of visiting several doctors. In most cases, now there are times when the patient would need to visit different specialists for their care. With the upbringing of ambulatory care systems, there is a less need for someone to have to be in the ER waiting for hours unless it is a real emergency and the regular office is closed.